English summary: In looking at the concept of "pathisch," meaning a receptive self, abandoning itself to an artefact or an image of life with an observing, experiencing, suffering attitude, this volume addresses change and uniformity in the theories of perception, the critique of logocentrism and that of the subject up to authors of post-structuralism, in particular Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes and Paul Virilio. It claims and concludes that over a long period of time, 'pathic aesthetics' have formed (...) one of the most influential counter- discourses to the modern concept of the subject. German description: Das Adjektiv 'pathisch' erwahnen altere Nachschlagewerke noch mit einem Hinweis auf Ludwig Klages. Es meint ein rezeptives Selbst, das ohne eigene Aktivitat schauend, erlebend, 'leidend' an ein Artefakt oder ein Bild der Lebenswelt hingegeben ist. Das 'wirkliche Erlebnis' gehort zu den transitiven Lebensvorgangen und setzt das Selbst von der Subjektstelle an diejenige des Objekts: Die Gemutsbewegung widerfahrt, das Ich fallt dem lebendigen Geschehen anheim. Von dieser vitalistischen Definition ausgehend, fragt das vorliegende Buch nach dem Wandel und der Konstanz in den Theorien der Wahrnehmung, in der Kritik des Logozentrismus und derjenigen des Subjekts bis zu den Autoren des Poststrukturalismus, hier vor allem Jacques Derrida und Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes und Paul Virilio. Die 'Pathische Asthetik' will damit an den Anfang einer 'Urgeschichte der Postmoderne' zuruck verwiesen. Sie geht aus von der Geistkritik der spaten Lebensphilosophie, denn der Terminus ist durch Ludwig Klages vorgegeben. Der Begriff beansprucht demnach, den Zeitraum eines Jahrhunderts abzudecken. Er historisiert den Theorierahmen des Poststrukturalismus und die Epoche der Postmoderne von deren Ende her - und entwickelt darin kritische Bezuge, die selten so gesehen wurden. Pathiker sind demnach nicht Treibende, sondern Getriebene: Gegenfiguren zu allen Tatheroen seit der Antike. Willenlos uberlassen sie sich dem Spiel ihrer Einfalle und trotzen darin den Machern und Handelnden, deren Dasein im Wollen aufzugehen scheint. Der Pathiker steht auf der Seite des Vitalen, Wesensnotwendigen, wahrend der Tatmensch eigenmachtig Akte vollbringt, mit denen er die Wirklichkeit und nach deren Auffassungsgabe die Welt fragmentiert und im Erkennen auf den Begriff bringt. Das ist ein radikaler Dualismus, dem jede Form der Vermittlung und Versohnung fremd bleibt. Uber lange Zeit ist darum die 'Pathische Asthetik' einer der wirkmachtigsten Gegendiskurse zum modernen Subjektverstandnis gewesen. (shrink)

Der deutsche Philosoph und Charakterkundler Ludwig Klages kann als ein Pionier des ökologischen Denkens angesehen werden. Vor allem mit seinem Aufsatz „Mensch und Erde“, verfasst für das Bundestreffen der Freideutschen Jugend 1913 auf dem Hohen Meißner bei Kassel, prangerte er in einer bis dahin beispiellosen Schärfe die Naturzerstörung der modernen Welt an. Klages stand dabei durchaus in einer Traditionslinie, die mit der Romantik einsetzte und durch die frühen Naturschützer des 19. Jahrhunderts wie Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl und Ernst Rudorff verkörpert (...) wurde. Anders als diese benannte er aber die geistige Ursache für die Entfremdung des Menschen von der übrigen Natur klar beim Namen: den Anthropozentrismus. Dieser sei der Wesenskern sowohl der monotheistischen Religionen wie auch der seit dem Zeitalter der Aufklärung dominierenden materialistischen Fortschrittsgläubigkeit. War Klages zu Lebzeiten damit noch ein „einsamer Rufer in der Wüste“, so wurden mit der in den 1970er Jahren aufkommenden Umweltbewegung viele seiner Aspekte – vom Biozentrismus bis hin zur Ökologie als einer Leitwissenschaft – neu thematisiert. (shrink)

Previously published as special issues of _The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought_ and _The Review of Political Economy_, this volume contains the papers devoted to the life and work of Piero Sraffa. Sraffa was a leading intellectual of the twentieth century. He was brought to Cambridge by John Maynard Keynes and had an important impact on the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. He received the golden medal Söderström of the Swedish Academy of Sciences for his edition of David (...) Ricardo's _Works and Correspondence_ and he is the author of _Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities_, one of the most often cited book in economics. Using hitherto unpublished material from Sraffa's literary heritage kept at Trinity College, Cambridge, the papers throw new light on the intellectual development of the young Sraffa and correct several of the received views on him and his contribution. Themes covered concern his: objectivism rediscovery and reformulation of the classical theory of value and distribution criticism of Alfred Marshall's analysis relationship with his Cambridge colleagues and friends biography around the time when he left Italy for the UK friendship with Wittgenstein and his impact on the latter's thinking. (shrink)

European-Western philosophy from Plato and Aristotle to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche and to Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein has rightly claimed to represent a high standard. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages there were vivid exchanges with non-Western traditions, especially Egyptian and Arabic philosophies. But since the philosophy of European Enlightenment, a large part of European-Western philosophy maintains that philosophy of a high standard exists only here. This statement can be called Eurocentric and is (...) highly contestable. The clearest and strictest foundation of philosophical Eurocentrism is given by Hegel. By analyzing and criticizing his concept of philosophy in Section II, I will discuss Eurocentrism in philosophy. In Section III, I will proceed to indicate the conditions necessary to overcome it. (shrink)

Seven unknown letters from 1823 to 1831 are published. The famous discoverer of the mammal's egg and founder of the modern embryology Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), born as a German in Estonia and then anatomist and zoologist at Königsberg University, wrote them to his publisher Ludwig F. Froriep in Weimar and his son and successor. Robert F. Baer offered his co-work with a dictionary of natural history (which he criticized), he proposed a map of all research voyages everywhere (...) in the world, and he sent a few small papers about local birds. To Robert F. Baer gave some recommendations concerning his career; he asked for details of a death elephant, and he told that they were awaiting the cholera. (shrink)

An exact formulation of the frequency interpretation of probability is proposed on the basis of G. Ludwig's concept of physical theories. Starting from a short outline of this concept, a formal definition of weak approximate reduction is developed, which covers the reduction of probability to frequency as a special case.

Wittgenstein finished part 1 of the Philosophical Investigations in the spring of 1945. From 1946 to 1949 he worked on the philosophy of psychology almost without interruption. The present two-volume work comprises many of his writings over this period. Some of the remarks contained here were culled for part 2 of the Investigations ; others were set aside and appear in the collection known as Zettel . The great majority, however, although of excellent quality, have hitherto remained unpublished. This bilingual (...) edition of the Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology presents the first English translation of an essential body of Wittegenstein's work. It elaborates Wittgenstein's views on psychological concepts such as expectation, sensation, knowing how to follow a rule, and knowledge of the sensations of other persons. It also shows strong emphasis on the "anthropological" aspect of Wittgenstein's thought. Philosophers, as well as anthropologists, psychologists, and sociologists will welcome this important publication. (shrink)

Bazzocchi disposes the text of the Tractatus in a user-friendly manner, exactly as Wittgenstein's decimals advise. This discloses the logical form of the book by distinct reading units, linked into a fashioned hierarchical tree. The text becomes much clearer and every reader can enjoy, finally, its formal and literary qualities.

These works, as the sub-title makes clear, are unfinished sketches for Philosophical Investigations, possibly the most important and influential philosophical work of modern times. The 'Blue Book' is a set of notes dictated to Witgenstein's Cambridge students in 1933-1934: the 'Brown Book' was a draft for what eventually became the growth of the first part of Philosophical Investigations. This book reveals the germination and growth of the ideas which found their final expression in Witgenstein's later work. It is indispensable therefore (...) to students of Witgenstein's thought and to all those who wish to study at first-hand the mental processes of a thinker who fundamentally changed the course of modern philosophy. (shrink)

Written in code under constant threat of battle, Wittgenstein's searing and illuminating diaries finally emerge in this first-ever English translation. During the pandemic, Marjorie Perloff, one of our foremost scholars of global literature, found her mind ineluctably drawn to the profound commentary on life and death in the wartime diaries of eminent philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951). Upon learning that these notebooks, which richly contextualize the early stages of his magnum opus, the Tractatus-Logico-Philosophicus, had never before been published in English, (...) the Viennese-born Perloff determinedly set about translating them. Beginning with the anxious summer of 1914, this historic, en-face edition presents the first-person recollections of a foot soldier in the Austrian Army, fresh from his days as a philosophy student at Cambridge, who must grapple with the hazing of his fellow soldiers, the stirrings of a forbidden sexuality, and the formation of an explosive analytical philosophy that seemed to draw meaning from his endless brushes with death. Much like Tolstoy's The Gospel in Brief, Private Notebooks takes us on a personal journey to discovery as it augments our knowledge of Wittgenstein himself. (shrink)

Vorwort -- Vortrag über Ethik -- Bemerkungen über logische Form -- Bemerkungen über Frazers Golden Bough -- Aufzeichnungen für Vorlesungen über "privates Erlebnis" und "Sinnesdaten" -- Ursache und Wirkung ; Intuitives Erfassen -- Textnachweise.

Haunted by dreams of a powerful red tide, Odd Thomas, accompanied by two otherworldly sidekicks--his dog Boo and the Chairman of the Board--is drawn to a small California coastal town, where nothing is at it appears and where he confronts overwhelming and sinister forces out to stop his quest.

[1] Biographie, Philosophie, Praxis -- [2] Het spel van het naamloze / naar een concept van Joseph Kosuth.

Editorial preface to the fourth edition and modified translation -- The text of the Philosophische Untersuchungen -- Philosophische untersuchungen = Philosophical investigations -- Philosophie der psychologie, ein fragment = Philosophy of psychology, a fragment.

Der Streit um die Prinzipien der Theorienentwicklung hat in den Jahren seit dem Erscheinen von TH. S. KUHNS "Die Struktur wissen schaftlicher Revolutionen" mannigfache und lebhafte AufSerungen pro und contra hervorgerufen. Die Gegenposition wird im wesent lichen durch die Namen POPPER und LAKATOS charakterisiert. Die Kontroverse erweist sich als eine solche zwischen synchronischer und diachronischer, zwischen systematischer und historischer Betrach tungsweise. 1st die Entwicklung der Wissenschaften, wie man es nach KUHN glauben kann, in entscheidendem MafSe aufSeren Einfliissen und Zufalligkeiten ausgesetzt, (...) oder gibt es nicht doch rationale, rein wissenschaftsimmanente Kriterien, auf Grund derer eine Entwicklung im Sinne eines Fortschrittes zu immer besseren, richtigeren und lei stungsfahigeren Theorien moglich ist? Eine wesentliche Schwierigkeit, um dabei weiterzukommen, besteht darin, dafS es keine Moglichkeit zu geben scheint, eine Theorie zu bewerten, zu entscheiden, welche von zwei Theorien "wahrscheinlicher, richtiger, besser oder leistungs fahiger" ist. Wenn es geiange, eine numerische Bewertung von Hypothesen und Theorien in dieser Richtung zu finden, so ware damit auch ein Weg gewiesen, die Entwicklung der Theorien nicht nur zu rekon struieren, sondern vielleicht auch zu lei ten. Die Bewertung einer Theorie im Sinne ihrer Richtigkeit ist bisher nicht gelungen. Wenn POPPER, insbesondere in seinen spaten Arbeiten ("Objective Knowl edge"), die Auffassung vertritt, dafS die Entwicklung der Wissen schaften im Sinne einer immer grofSeren Wahrheitsahnlichkeit von statten gehe, so ist das bei ihm ein reiner Glaube, der auf Grund seines Modells von Versuch und Irrtum postuliert wird. (shrink)

Justice, Sustainability, and Security not only enhances our knowledge of these issues, but it teases out our moral dimensions and offer prescriptions for how governments and global actors might craft their policies to better consider their effects on the global human condition.

This junior/senior level text is devoted to a study of first-order logic and its role in the foundations of mathematics: What is a proof? How can a proof be justified? To what extent can a proof be made a purely mechanical procedure? How much faith can we have in a proof that is so complex that no one can follow it through in a lifetime? The first substantial answers to these questions have only been obtained in this century. The most (...) striking results are contained in Goedel's work: First, it is possible to give a simple set of rules that suffice to carry out all mathematical proofs; but, second, these rules are necessarily incomplete - it is impossible, for example, to prove all true statements of arithmetic. The book begins with an introduction to first-order logic, Goedel's theorem, and model theory. A second part covers extensions of first-order logic and limitations of the formal methods. The book covers several advanced topics, not commonly treated in introductory texts, such as Trachtenbrot's undecidability theorem. Fraissé's elementary equivalence, and Lindstroem's theorem on the maximality of first-order logic. (shrink)

Bazzocchi disposes the text of the Tractatus in a user-friendly manner, exactly as Wittgenstein's decimals advise. This discloses the logical form of the book by distinct reading units, linked into a fashioned hierarchical tree. The text becomes much clearer and every reader can enjoy, finally, its formal and literary qualities.